Manner of Articulation
Introduction:
The mode of articulation is determined by how the outgoing air-stream is interfered with. The airstream may be totally halted and then released with power, resulting in a plosive or stop sound.
The occlusion might occur anywhere between the larynx and the two lips, or the air route can be narrowed enough to cause audible friction. The resulting sound is known as a fricative.
Stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, laterals, trills or flaps, and semivowels are the different types of sounds based on how they are spoken. This is the most common kind of consonant. Both the point/place and style of articulation are considered for the whole description.
Description of Speech Sounds
Speech Sounds are divided into two main groups: (1) consonants, and (2) vowels.
Consonant:
Speech There are two types of sounds: (1) consonants and (2) vowels. A consonant is a sound produced by the passage of air through the constraints of the mouth cavity.
A consonant description will comprise five types of information.
Nature of the Air-stream
The majority of speech sounds and all typical English sounds are produced by a forceful pulmonic air-stream, such as the air pushed out of the lungs.
The State of Glottis
A consonant may be voiced or voiceless depending on whether the vocal cords stay wide apart (voiced) or vibrate (voiced).
The Position of the Soft Palate
When characterizing consonants, we must specify whether they are oral sounds (made by raising the soft palate, thereby restricting the nasal passage of air) or nasal sounds (produced with the soft palate lowered).
The Articulators Involved
We must also describe the numerous articulators involved in the description of consonants. The active articulator is shifted towards the passive articulator during consonant production.
Bilabial, labio-dental, dental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palato-alveolar, retroflex, palatal, velar, uvular, and glottal articulations are the most common.
Some consonantal sounds may have a secondary location of articulation in addition to the main. Thus, in addition to the partial alveolar contact, there is a necessary lifting of the rear of the tongue towards the velum (Velarization) in the so-called dark /l/; alternatively, as in red, certain post-alveolar articulators of 'r' (r) are accompanied by modest lip-rounding (labialization). We may categorize consonants based on where they articulate.
The Nature of Stricture
The style of articulation is referred to as the kind of stricture. The organs' stricture of blockage may be complete, intermittent, partial, or only a constriction sufficient to create friction.
When the stricture is completely closed, the active and passive articulators establish solid contact with each other, preventing air from passing between them. For instance, in the production of /p/ as in pin and /b/ as in bin, the lips make a total closure.
The stricture may be such that Intermittently, air flows between the active and passive articulators. This kind of stricture is known as intermittent closure, and it includes the active articulator vibrating against the passive.
One example is the Scottish /r/, as in rat. The intermittent closure may be so brief that the active articulator only hits the passive articulator once. An example is the English /r/ in the word extremely; the tip of the tongue (active articulator) taps against the teeth-ridge (passive articulator).
The air travels continuously, although with difficulty, between the active and passive articulators in the partial stricture. The resulting noises are clear /1/ and dark /1/ in late, and hill, clear and dark '1' correspondingly.
Finally, the stricture may be such that air causes audible friction while flowing between the active and passive articulators. In English, instances of this kind of stricture include /f, v, q,, s, z, f,, h/. Alternatively, the air may flow through without causing friction.
Examples are /w/ for wet, /j/ for yes, and flap /r/ for butter. A stricture that includes audible friction is known as a stricture of close approximation, while one that does not entail such friction is known as a stricture of open approximation.
