Processes of Speech Production :
Labialization | Palatalization |
1. This is a procedure in which the lips have an active role in a variety of ways. They combine to generate varying degrees of rounding, which is essential in forming back vowels /u/, /o/, as in shoe, beach, and. a. 2. For the plosive sounds /p/, /b/, and the voiced nasal continuant /m/, the two lips are connected together. For the fricatives /f/ and /v/, the lower lip is elevated to the level of the upper teeth. Again, there is notable lip-rounding for the semi-vowel /w/. | 1. In palatalization, the tongue approximates the hard palate, leaving only a narrow space through which the airstream passes, producing friction noise; or 2. The tongue may form complete occlusion and then gradually withdraw, creating turbulence of air due to the breath-stream escaping through the space slowly being allowed to form. 3. This is how the sound in jar /d:/ and chair /te/ is pronounced. |
Velarization | Glottalization |
1. This procedure generates velar noises. For articulating some kinds of stop and fricative sounds, the rear of the tongue either approximates or creates complete occlusion. 2. In English, velar sounds are /k/ and /g/. /h/ is a velar nasal that may be heard in words like king, sing, and conquer. | 1. The glottis is the gap between the vocal cords. The effect of bringing the vocal cords together and releasing them with a 'popping' gesture is a glottal stop. |
Nasalization | Voicing |
1. This is the technique through which we generate nasal sounds or nasalised vowels. 2. The soft palate is lowered to seal off the oral channel and send the airstream into the nasal cavity while making these sounds. 3. In another scenario, the air is permitted to enter both the oral and nasal chambers, but it is checked in the mouth by active articulators. 4. Two lips come together to create a closure and guide the air flow via the nose for /m/. 5. Similarly, with /n/, the tip of the tongue makes contact with the rear of the upper teeth, forming a seal. ‘ Despite the fact that the vocal tract is partially closed, the breath-stream goes outside via what is known as a secondary aperture, which is comprised of the nasal airway. Nasals may alternatively be categorized as resonants or continuants. | 1. It is an articulatory process in which the outgoing column of air causes the vocal flaps to vibrate. 2. The vocal cords are drawn near enough to be tight during voicing, and the airstream vibrates them in quick succession. 3. As a consequence, the vocal cords open and close rapidly multiple times each second. Sounds may be created without the vocal cords vibrating. Such noises are referred to as unvoiced or voiceless sounds, while those generated by vibrating the cords are referred to as voiced sounds. 4. For a list of voiced and voiceless consonants, see the consonant chart. |